Oxide nanopowders

The necessity of Ukrainian radio electronic industry in reactive qualifications compounds of lead is about 5 tonnes per month.

The necessity of Ukrainian varnish-and-paint, chemical and glass industries in oxides of lead is 85 tonnes per month.

 There is no developed mine workings of lead in Ukraine but the wastes of industrial enterprises with the high level of concentration of lead can serve as such workings. 

Level of concentration must be comparable with the industrial concentrates, in particular, with “leaden dust” concentrate of Open joint-stock company “Ukrtsink” (OJSC) (Konstantinovka town, Donetsk region). 

STC Reactivelectron has practically completed developing of technology of lead compounds generation from the industrial man-caused raw materials by its own forces.

Developed technology is zero-discharge, ecologically safe and at the same time it has high profitability rate.

Properties and chemical composition of got compounds of lead (CL) are adapted for concrete requirements made to chemical reagents of lead for radio electronic ceramic materials.

Given adaptation lowers the cost of the finished products and improves their quality.

The implementation of given project includes following measures.

Completion of scientific- research and development works,

Reinstallation of present basic experimental-industrial plant at the experimental CTS' factory. (Productive capacity of plant is 5 tonnes per month).

Preparation of initial data for planning of industrial lead oxides production for other industries. (Productive capacity of planned plant is 50 tonnes per month).

Required project financing is 400 thousand Ukrainian hryvnas (UAH).

Period of project implementation is 12 months from the beginning of financing.

Technical documentation and materials of research, related to implementation of the project (including ones got before), have never passed to any other organizations.

In the process of project implementation the following scientific tasks will be resolved.  

Development of physicochemical processes of different lead compounds generation (PbSO 3, -PbO, - PbO, Pb 3 O4, PbO2) from the man-caused raw materials,

Purpose transformation of by-products in utilizable purpose products.

Adaptation of products to concrete requirements made to reagents of lead for production of radio electronic ceramics (condensers, posistors, piezosensors etc.) and for new materials with the high (good) technical properties.

Ecological tasks:

Processing of high-toxic wastes.
Creation of zero-discharge, ecologically safe production.

Production tasks:

- Creation of highly profitable production of lead compounds for the radio electronic industry at the STC's Experimental plant (Productive capacity of plant is 5 tonnes per month).
- Renewing of highly liquid ceramic masses and wares for radio electronic technique production.
- Preparation of technical basis and basic data for planning of industrial lead oxides production for other industries. (Productive capacity of plant is 50 tonnes per month). Production will take place at STC's Experimental plant.

Social tasks:

Saving of scientist's and technicians staff;
Creation of new job positions.

Analysis of necessity in the oxides of lead

Basic users of lead oxides are given below.

1. Producers of oily paints on the basis of the red lead Pb₃O₄

Necessity of Ukrainian enterprises in red lead from December 1997 to June 2000 was no less than 85 tonnes per month. Basic users of red lead are given below.

Mariupol dockyard - 20 tonnes per month.
Nikolaev dockyard - 40 tonnes per month.
Feodosiya dockyard - 10 tonnes per month.
“Motor Sich” Zaporizhya air motor factory - 10 tonnes per month.
Enterprises of public water supply - 5 tonnes per month.

Red lead is not produced in Ukraine because of its high production cost. Therefore necessity in it is satisfied no more than at 10% at the expense of import deliveries.

2. Producers of crystal and leaden radiation-protective glasses

Leaden yellow litharge PbO and red lead Pb₃O₄ serve as raw materials.

According to data of Ukrainian state institute of glass (UkrGIS, Konstantinovka town, Donetsk region), in year 2000 necessity of Ukrainian industries in oxides of lead was no less than 20 tonnes per month. The necessity is fully satisfied with import purchases presently.

3. Producers of domestic ceramics used for getting of enamels, frits and glazes  

According to data of commercial firms “Slavkerama” (Slavyansk town, Donetsk region) necessity in the oxides of lead in year 2000 was no less than 10 tonnes per month.

4. Organic synthesis

According to data of Ukrainian research institute of plastic (UkrNIIPlastmass), necessity in dioxide of lead PbO 2 in year 2000 was no less 1 tonnes per month.

5. Producers of the ceramics used for radio electronic (in condensers, posistors, piezosensor etc.)

 According to our data and data of Science of materials problems Institute  (Dnepropetrovsk town) necessity in high-quality carbonate of lead PbSO 3 and oxide of lead PbO (red) is no less 5 tonnes per month. 

The groups of users given above, are  considered as basic users in the project.

Radioelectronic lead - containing ceramic goods (LCCG) are liquid (marketable) in home and foreign markets both.

LCCG are ceramic masses and finished ceramic products.

Sources of raw material

There are no mines of leaden ores worked industrially in Ukraine

 At the same time accumulator industry is well developed  in Ukraine (Lugansk and Dnepropetrovsk accumulator factories operate).

The accumulators which are out of use are subject to utilization. Lead - containing wastes (LCW) appear as a result of accumulators' processing.

So, at “Ukrtsink” plant  (Konstantinovka town, Donetsk region)  are accumulated about 1200 tons of LCW. Besides that about 80 tonnes of so-called “leaden dust” (LD) wastes appear every month. Content of lead in LD  is 60-65%, that higher, than in the concentrates of leaden ores processing. This waste consists of mixture of oxides, chlorides and sulfates of lead with the insignificant concentration of admixtures (Sn, Sb, Bi, Ca, Na, K, Fe etc). The volume of LD  is enough for getting 50 tonnes of lead oxides per month. LD is considered as a basic source of raw material in our project.

Wastes of printing-houses is gart zinc containing up to 50%  of lead.

Leaden-zinc scale appears during execution of hot zinc-plating, where the leaden pillow in the zinc furnace units is used. 26 such enterprises are present only in the Eastern region of Ukraine. There is up to 30% concentration of lead in these wastes.

Analysis of workflow and project financing

Since 1996 up to now by STC's own forces practically the research stage of leaden dust processing technology   development  has been fully implemented. The technology has been worked out for “Ukrtsink” factory  (Konstantinovka town, Donetsk region).

Technologies of getting the following substances are worked out: nitrate of lead of PFA qualification (Pure for analyzing), carbonate of lead, red lead, leaden litharge - PbO, red oxide of lead PbO,  dioxide of lead in different qualifications. 

The pilot plant is created, experimental parties of samples are produced and tested by user.

The advantage of the developed technology consists in the getting of lead oxides on “wet technology” (WT). Unlike the existing technological charts WT does not require high temperature treatment of leaden raw material. Сonsequently the carbon-monoxide fumes of lead compounds are absent. Their penetration in the air is eliminated (The limit permissible concentration of lead oxides is 0.01 mg/m³).

As a result of “leaden dust” processing following by-products appear:

- CaSO₄, 2H₂O gypsum which  is waste of IVth class of toxility (is untoxic). In accordance with conclusion  of Donetsk state academy of construction and architecture (Makeevka town, Donetsk region) it can be used by the build organizations.
- ammonium chloride which is additional purpose by - product of processing.

At the cost of basic compound (PbO lead oxide of “ch” mark) 12 hryvnas (UAH) per 1 kg prime price of its getting in industrial terms will make 5 UAH per 1 kg.

Prime price of lead oxide in high reactive qualifications for some types of condenser ceramics can be substantially lower in connection with possiblity to eliminate purifying from the admixtures of tin, calcium and bismuth.

Calcium and tin are included in one of lead oxide's basic components (stannate of calcium CaSnO₃). Bismuth  is included in structure of flux.

Insignificant quantities of oxides of tin and antimony (about 1-2% by volume), contained in the initial “leaden dust”, is assumed to use for production of alloys with the low melting temperature (for example, babbites). STC has experience in use of given maters.

Thus, developed technology is zero-discharge and ecologically safe.

The implementation of given project includes following measures.

 To complete scientific- research and development works on technology of getting of chloride of ammonium during processing of “leaden dust”.

To complete scientific- research and development works on technology of getting of some types of ceramic masses and wares for radio electronic technique.

To give out basic data for planning of the experimental-industrial plant.

To develop a project of the experimental-industrial plant.

To carry out a purchase of failing basic equipment, accessories for tying of basic technological equipment and for renovation of technological communications.

To carry out the starting and mastering of “leaden dust” processing plant and plant for ceramic masses synthesis.

To draw up resolving documents.

To arrange basic data for creation of industrial production with capacity 50 tonnes per month.

All stages of works will be executed in parallel.

The realization of project will allow attaining the following effects.

To complete development of wasteless ecologically safe technology of high-toxic waste processing (waste  of Іst class of danger.)  

To organize production of lead oxides from Ukrainian man-caused raw material.  

To solve a problem of production of ceramic masses and wares for the radioelectronic technique (partly a subproblem of leaden raw material).  

To arrange a base for oxides of lead production for Ukrainian  industries.

Last modification: 12/10/08 18:52